Praxis SLLA Scoring Methodology: From Raw to Scaled
How Selected-Response Questions are Scored
The first portion of the SLLA consists of 120 selected-response (multiple-choice) questions. These questions are machine-scored and form the foundation of your initial performance metrics. Each correct answer contributes one point to your Praxis SLLA raw score vs scaled score calculation. It is vital to note that there is no penalty for guessing; the scoring algorithm does not deduct points for incorrect responses. Consequently, a candidate’s raw score is simply the sum of all correct answers provided within the testing window. However, not every question on the exam necessarily counts toward your final score. A small percentage of questions are typically "pre-test" items being vetted for future exams. Since these items are indistinguishable from the scored questions, candidates must treat every item as high-stakes to maximize their point accumulation across the six content categories, ranging from Strategic Leadership to Ethics and Advocacy.
The Constructed-Response Scoring Rubric and Process
The qualitative portion of the exam is evaluated using the Praxis School Leaders Licensure Assessment scoring rubric. This section requires candidates to provide written responses to four specific scenarios, focusing on instructional leadership and organizational management. Each response is evaluated by at least two independent, trained raters who use a holistic scoring method. Raters look for evidence of professional judgment, the ability to synthesize data, and the application of leadership principles to solve school-based problems. If the two raters disagree significantly on a score, a third expert rater is brought in to resolve the discrepancy. These constructed responses are weighted more heavily than individual multiple-choice items because they demonstrate the candidate's ability to perform the actual tasks of a school principal, such as analyzing teacher observations or developing a school improvement plan based on student achievement data.
Understanding the 100-200 Scaled Score
The transition from a raw tally to the final number involves a statistical process known as scaling. The Praxis 6990 scoring scale ranges from 100 to 200 points. This scaling is necessary because different versions (forms) of the SLLA may vary slightly in difficulty. To ensure that a score of 160 on a "difficult" form represents the same level of ability as a 160 on an "easier" form, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) uses a conversion formula. This formula adjusts for the specific difficulty of the items encountered during your session. Because the SLLA combines two different types of data—discrete points from multiple-choice and rubric-based points from written tasks—the scaling process also involves weighting these sections. Typically, the selected-response section accounts for approximately 75% of the total score, while the constructed-response section accounts for the remaining 25%.
State-by-State Passing Score Requirements
How States Set Their Qualifying Scores
While ETS develops and administers the SLLA, it does not set the passing standards. Each state’s board of education or licensing agency determines its own Praxis SLLA passing score by state. This process usually involves a standard-setting study where a panel of local educators reviews the exam content and recommends a minimum score that reflects the "cut-point" for entry-level competency. Factors influencing these decisions include state-specific leadership standards, local policy priorities, and the perceived rigor of the assessment. Because these decisions are made independently, a score that qualifies for licensure in one jurisdiction may fall short in another. This decentralized approach allows states to maintain autonomy over their professional standards while utilizing a nationally recognized assessment tool.
Current Passing Score Ranges by State
When candidates ask what is a good Praxis SLLA score, the answer is entirely dependent on the requirements of their specific licensing board. Currently, most states require a passing score that falls between 146 and 156 on the 100-200 scale. For example, some states have historically set their benchmark at 151, while others with more stringent requirements may push that threshold to 156. It is important to remember that a "good" score is any score that meets or exceeds the state-mandated qualifying mark. There is no additional professional benefit to scoring a 190 versus a 160, as the license issued is identical. Candidates should aim for a margin of safety above their state's cut-score to account for the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), which represents the inherent fluctuation in test performance.
Where to Find Your State's Official Requirement
To confirm the specific requirements for your jurisdiction, you must consult the official state-specific requirements page on the ETS website or your state’s Department of Education portal. These requirements are subject to periodic review and can change as states adopt new leadership standards or transition from older versions of the SLLA (like the 6011) to the current 6990 form. When registering for the exam, you are typically prompted to select the state agency that should receive your scores. This selection ensures that your Praxis SLLA score report is automatically transmitted to the correct licensing body. If you are seeking licensure in multiple states, you must verify the passing score for each, as you may be eligible for a license in one state but require a retake to satisfy the higher standards of another.
Interpreting Your Score Report
Breaking Down the Score Report Components
Your official Praxis SLLA score report is a multi-page document that provides more than just a pass/fail notification. The primary feature is your total scaled score, prominently displayed alongside an indication of whether you met the passing requirement for your designated state. Below this, the report provides a breakdown of your performance in each of the six content categories. This section lists the number of questions answered correctly in each area compared to the "average performance range" of the middle 50% of test-takers. This granular data is essential for understanding your strengths and weaknesses. For instance, you might see that you performed exceptionally well in "Vision and Strategy" but struggled in "Management and Operations," which provides a roadmap for professional development.
The performance feedback section is where the how are Praxis constructed response scored question becomes visible through data. You will see raw point totals for the written tasks, often broken down by task type. This feedback allows you to see if your writing was the weak link in your overall score. If your selected-response scores were high but your constructed-response scores were low, it suggests a need to practice applying leadership theories to written scenarios rather than just memorizing facts. The feedback also includes a "category-level" analysis that helps you identify if your errors were clustered in a specific domain, such as legal issues or instructional supervision. This diagnostic information is particularly valuable for candidates who do not pass on their first attempt, as it prevents them from wasting time-consuming study on topics they have already mastered.
Range of Possible Scores and Measurement Error
Every score report includes a section on the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and the Standard Error of Scoring (SES). These statistical concepts acknowledge that no test is a perfect measure of knowledge. The SEM suggests that if you were to take the test again without any additional study, your score would likely fall within a certain range (usually +/- 4 to 6 points) of your current score. The SES specifically relates to the human element of the constructed-response section. Understanding these ranges helps put your score in perspective; a score that is just one or two points below the passing mark is statistically very close to a passing performance, often indicating that a slight shift in test-taking strategy or a minor increase in content review could result in a pass on the next attempt.
The Retake Policy and Score Review Process
28-Day Waiting Period and Retake Limits
If your score does not meet the state requirement, ETS enforces a strict 28-day waiting period before you can sit for the SLLA again. This policy is designed to ensure that candidates have sufficient time to engage in meaningful remediation rather than simply attempting to memorize specific test questions. During this window, you cannot register for or take another SLLA exam. It is important to note that even if you take the test and cancel your scores, the attempt still counts toward the 28-day rule. While ETS does not impose a lifetime limit on the number of times you can take the SLLA, individual states may have their own policies regarding the number of attempts allowed for licensure. Candidates should check with their local licensing office to ensure they are not exceeding state-specific retake thresholds.
How to Use Score Feedback for Retake Preparation
Effective retake preparation relies on a clinical analysis of the previous Praxis SLLA score report. Instead of rereading a general study guide from cover to cover, candidates should target the specific categories where their raw score fell below the average performance range. For the constructed-response section, this often means practicing with a timer to simulate the pressure of the exam and focusing on the specific verbs used in the prompts (e.g., "analyze," "evaluate," "describe"). Successful candidates often find that their second attempt is more successful when they focus on the "Instructional Leadership" and "School Climate" sections, as these frequently contain the most complex scenarios that carry significant weight in both the multiple-choice and written portions of the assessment.
Options for Score Review and Verification
Candidates who believe their constructed-response items were scored unfairly have the option to request a Score Review. This is a formal process where your written responses are re-evaluated by a different set of raters. There is a fee associated with this service, and it is important to understand that the score can go up, stay the same, or even go down as a result of the review. It is generally rare for a score to change significantly through this process because of the rigorous training and double-rating system already in place. Note that selected-response (multiple-choice) questions are not eligible for score review because they are machine-scored and have a near-zero error rate. A score review is usually only recommended if a candidate is within one or two points of passing and feels their written work was exceptionally strong.
Score Reporting and Sending Timeline
When Scores Are Posted to Your Account
Because the SLLA includes a human-scored component, scores are not available immediately after you finish the computer-based test. Typically, your Praxis SLLA score report will be available in your ETS account approximately 10 to 16 business days after the close of the testing window (not necessarily 10 days after your specific test date). ETS publishes a schedule of score release dates, which candidates should consult if they are facing employment or graduation deadlines. Once the scores are posted, you will receive an email notification. It is your responsibility to download and save a copy of the official PDF report, as it is only available in your account for a limited period (usually ten years) and you may need it for future out-of-state reciprocity applications.
How to Send Scores to Institutions and States
When you register for the SLLA, the fee includes the transmission of your scores to up to four recipients, provided you select them during the registration process. One of these recipients should always be your state’s licensing agency. If you are currently enrolled in an educational leadership program, your university may also require a copy of the scores to verify program completion. If you need to send your scores to additional institutions after the test date, you can order an Additional Score Report (ASR) for a fee. These reports are usually processed within five business days of the request. It is critical to ensure that the recipient codes are correct, as sending scores to the wrong agency can delay your licensure process significantly.
Understanding Score Validity Periods
Once earned, a Praxis SLLA score is generally considered valid for ten years by ETS. However, the "shelf life" of a score for licensure purposes is determined by the individual state. Some states may require that the test was taken within the last five years, especially if there have been significant changes to state leadership standards or if the exam version has been updated. If you allow your score to lapse beyond the state’s validity period without obtaining your license, you may be required to retake the current version of the assessment. For administrators who are already licensed and moving to a new state, the Interstate Agreement (reciprocity) often allows the original score to be accepted, provided it met the destination state’s passing requirement at the time the test was taken.