How is the GRE Scored? The 130–170 Scale Explained
Defining the Scaled Score
The most prominent feature of the GRE is its reporting of results through a scaled score rather than a raw percentage. Each of the two primary sections—Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning—is measured on a scale ranging from 130 to 170. These scores move in one-point increments. When candidates ask how the GRE is scored out of 340, they are referring to the combined sum of these two independent metrics. A score of 130 represents the floor of the scale, meaning even if a candidate answers zero questions correctly, they will receive this baseline value. Conversely, a 170 represents the ceiling, indicating mastery of the section's content relative to the difficulty level provided. This scaling allows admissions committees to compare candidates who may have taken different versions of the test at different times, ensuring that a 160 earned in January carries the same weight as a 160 earned in June.
The Equating Process
To maintain fairness across thousands of unique test forms, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) utilizes a statistical methodology known as equating. Because no two sets of questions are identical in their cognitive demand, equating adjusts for minor differences in the difficulty of the specific questions encountered by a test-taker. For instance, if one version of the Quantitative section features slightly more complex geometry problems than another, the equating process ensures that the scaled score reflects this. This process transforms the GRE raw score to scaled score by mapping the number of correct answers onto the 130–170 range. Equating prevents "test date luck" from influencing a student's prospects, as the difficulty of the individual questions is neutralized through rigorous psychometric modeling. This ensures that the final number is a pure reflection of the candidate's ability level rather than the specific difficulty of the questions randomly assigned to their session.
Minimum and Maximum Scores
The boundaries of the GRE are rigid, with a minimum possible total score of 260 and a maximum of 340. It is important to note that the Analytical Writing (AW) section is not included in this 340-point total; it is reported separately on a 0–6 scale. In the context of the GRE score calculation, the Verbal and Quantitative scores are treated as distinct entities by universities. While a total score of 325 is impressive, an engineering program may prioritize a 170 in Quantitative Reasoning even if the Verbal score is lower, whereas a humanities program might look for the opposite distribution. Because the scale starts at 130, the "points" earned are actually the 40 points available between the floor and the ceiling. Understanding this compressed range is vital for goal setting, as moving from a 160 to a 165 involves a much more significant percentile jump than a 5-point move in many other standardized tests.
From Raw Score to Scaled Score
Calculating the Raw Score
The foundation of your result is the raw score, which is simply the total number of questions answered correctly across all operational sections. In the current shorter GRE format, each measure (Verbal and Quantitative) consists of two sections. Every question within a specific measure contributes exactly one point to the raw score. There is no negative marking or penalty for incorrect guesses, a rule that fundamentally dictates test-taking strategy: a candidate should never leave a question blank. Whether a question is a complex "Select All That Apply" Multiple-Choice or a straightforward Numeric Entry, its weight in the raw score remains identical. This raw tally serves as the initial input for the scoring algorithm before it is adjusted for section difficulty and equated to the final 130–170 scale.
The Role of Section Adaptation
The GRE is a section-level adaptive test, meaning the performance on the first section of a measure determines the difficulty of the second section. This is a critical component of GRE Verbal Reasoning scoring and Quantitative scoring alike. If a candidate performs exceptionally well on the first 12 questions of the Verbal measure, the second section will be populated with "Hard" difficulty questions. While this may seem daunting, it is actually beneficial; the scoring algorithm rewards candidates for tackling the harder track. Conversely, if a candidate struggles on the first section, the second section will be "Easy," which effectively caps the maximum scaled score they can achieve, regardless of how many questions they get right in that second half. The first section acts as a routing mechanism that places the candidate into a specific scoring bracket.
Understanding the Scoring Algorithm
The final GRE Quantitative Reasoning scoring and Verbal results are produced by an algorithm that considers both the raw score and the difficulty level of the sections encountered. Because the test is adaptive, two students with the same raw score of 20 correct answers might receive different scaled scores. If Student A earned those 20 points by navigating a "Hard" second section, their scaled score will be significantly higher than Student B, who earned 20 points by navigating an "Easy" second section. This is often referred to as a "difficulty bonus" or adjustment. The algorithm is designed to estimate the candidate's underlying ability (often called the Theta value in psychometrics) with the highest possible statistical confidence. Consequently, the first section of each measure is arguably the most important, as it dictates the potential ceiling of the final scaled score.
Analytical Writing Scoring Rubric
The 0–6 Point Scale
The Analytical Writing assessment is evaluated on a scale of 0 to 6 in half-point increments. This score is reported independently of the Verbal and Quantitative measures. A score of 6.0 represents an "Outstanding" essay characterized by insightful analysis, superior facility with language, and a seamless logical flow. A 4.0 is considered "Adequate," showing a competent grasp of the prompt but perhaps lacking the nuanced development of a top-tier response. Unlike the multiple-choice sections, the AW score is a holistic reflection of critical thinking and analytical writing skills. It assesses the candidate's ability to articulate complex ideas, examine claims and accompanying evidence, and support a coherent discussion with relevant reasons and examples. Because this section is scored in 0.5 increments, it provides a different granularity of assessment compared to the 1-point increments of the 340-point scale.
How Human and e-Raters Evaluate
ETS employs a dual-scoring system for the Analytical Writing section to ensure objective and consistent results. Each essay is first graded by a trained human rater who applies the holistic scoring rubric, looking at the overall quality of the argument rather than counting individual errors. Subsequently, the essay is analyzed by the e-rater, a proprietary computerized program developed by ETS that evaluates linguistic features such as syntactic variety, vocabulary usage, and topical coherence. If the human score and the e-rater score are in close agreement, their average is taken as the final score. However, if there is a significant discrepancy between the two, a second human rater is brought in to provide an independent assessment. The final score is then the average of the two human scores, ensuring that the nuances of human logic are not overshadowed by algorithmic rigidness.
Common Traits of High-Scoring Essays
To achieve a 5.0 or 6.0, an essay must demonstrate "focused, coherent discussion" and "syntactic variety." High-scoring responses typically employ a standardized essay structure involving a clear introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs that use transition words to signal logical shifts, and a conclusion that synthesizes the points made rather than merely repeating them. Scorers look for the ability to identify and analyze the logical flaws in an argument or to construct a compelling case for an issue based on specific evidence. Precision in word choice and the correct use of complex sentence structures are also weighted heavily. A key differentiator for top-tier essays is the depth of development; rather than listing many superficial points, a high-scoring essay will explore a few well-chosen points in significant detail, showing a sophisticated level of critical engagement with the prompt.
Understanding GRE Score Percentiles
What Percentiles Represent
While the scaled score provides a fixed metric, the percentile rank provides the necessary context for interpreting that number. A percentile rank indicates the percentage of test-takers who scored lower than you over a specific multi-year period. For example, a 162 in Verbal Reasoning might place a candidate in the 90th percentile, meaning they performed better than 90% of all GRE test-takers. This is the metric most often used by admissions committees to answer the question, "what does my GRE score mean?" in a competitive landscape. While the 130–170 scale remains constant, the percentiles allow schools to see how a candidate stacks up against the current global pool of applicants. It is common for the same scaled score to yield different percentiles in Verbal versus Quantitative sections due to the different performance distributions of the test-taking population.
How Percentiles Change Over Time
Percentiles are not static; they are updated annually based on the performance of the test-taking population over the most recent three-year window. This phenomenon is particularly visible in the Quantitative section, where the "ceiling" has become increasingly crowded. Currently, a perfect 170 in Quantitative Reasoning may represent the 92nd or 94th percentile, whereas a 170 in Verbal Reasoning often represents the 99th percentile. This shift occurs because a higher volume of test-takers, particularly those applying to STEM programs, are achieving top marks in math. Consequently, the GRE percentile table is a dynamic document. Candidates should always check the most recent data provided by ETS to ensure their target scaled scores align with the competitive percentiles required by their chosen graduate programs.
Using Percentiles for Goal Setting
When researching graduate programs, candidates should look for the median percentile of the most recently admitted class rather than just the scaled score. This approach provides a clearer target, especially when applying to specialized fields. For instance, a top-tier Master’s in Data Science might require a Quantitative score in the 90th percentile or higher, which currently translates to a scaled score of 167+. Conversely, a PhD program in Comparative Literature might require a Verbal score in the 95th percentile, which might be achieved with a 165. By focusing on the percentile distribution, students can prioritize their study time toward the section that carries the most weight for their specific discipline. This strategic alignment ensures that prep efforts are concentrated where they will have the most significant impact on the strength of the application.
The ScoreSelect and Reporting Process
Viewing Unofficial Scores
One of the unique features of the computer-delivered GRE is the immediate feedback provided at the test center. Once the final section is completed, the computer will display the unofficial GRE scores for both Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning. These numbers are considered unofficial because they have not yet undergone the final verification and equating checks, and they do not include the Analytical Writing score. However, for the vast majority of test-takers, these unofficial scores are identical to the final official results. This immediate disclosure allows candidates to make an informed decision on the spot about whether to report their scores or cancel them. It provides a moment of high-stakes decision-making where the candidate must weigh their performance against their pre-set goals before leaving the testing workstation.
The Decision to Report or Cancel
After viewing the unofficial scores, the candidate is presented with two options: "Report" or "Cancel." If a candidate chooses to cancel, no scores are sent to any institutions, and the attempt will not appear on any future score reports sent to schools. However, the testing fee is not refunded, and the attempt still counts toward the annual and lifetime testing limits. If the candidate chooses to report, they can then utilize the ScoreSelect service. This feature allows test-takers to choose which scores from their history they want to send to schools. For example, if a student has taken the GRE twice, they can choose to send only the scores from the most recent session or even scores from both sessions. This flexibility reduces the pressure of a single test day, as candidates know they have control over what the admissions committees ultimately see.
Sending Official Score Reports to Schools
Official score reports are typically available in the candidate’s ETS account 10 to 15 days after the test date. At this point, the Analytical Writing score is finalized and added to the record. On the day of the test, the GRE fee includes the cost of sending scores to up to four graduate institutions or fellowship sponsors. If the candidate wishes to send scores to more than four recipients, or decides to send scores after test day, they must pay an additional fee per recipient. The Official Score Report contains the candidate's contact information, intended graduate major, the scores for all selected test dates, and the associated percentile ranks. It is important to remember that while the student sees their unofficial scores immediately, schools will only receive the data once the official processing window has closed.
Score Validity and Retake Policies
How Long GRE Scores Are Valid
GRE scores are valid for five years following the test date. This long-term validity is beneficial for students who choose to take the exam during their undergraduate years but plan to work for several years before applying to graduate school. For example, a score earned on October 1, 2023, remains valid and reportable until September 30, 2028. It is the responsibility of the applicant to ensure that their scores are still active at the time of application. ETS strictly adheres to this five-year validity period; once the window has passed, the records are purged from the system and cannot be recovered or reported. This policy encourages early preparation, allowing candidates to check the GRE off their to-do list well in advance of the frantic application season.
Retaking the GRE and Score Superscoring
Candidates are permitted to take the GRE once every 21 days, up to five times within any continuous rolling 12-month period. This retake policy is essential for those who feel their initial performance did not accurately reflect their abilities. While ETS does not offer an official "superscore" (a single report combining the best Verbal from one date and the best Quantitative from another), many individual universities do perform their own version of GRE superscoring. They may look at the highest section scores across multiple sittings to give the applicant the best possible profile. However, this varies by institution. Some programs may only consider the most recent score, while others average all scores provided. Understanding the specific policy of a target program is crucial when deciding whether a retake is statistically advantageous.
How Schools View Multiple Score Reports
With the introduction of the ScoreSelect option, the stigma of taking the GRE multiple times has largely vanished. Admissions committees generally view a second or third attempt as a sign of persistence and commitment to improvement. Because schools often focus on the highest scores to boost their own published averages for admitted students, they are incentivized to look at your best performance. However, candidates should be wary of a "diminishing returns" effect. Taking the exam four or five times with no significant score improvement may signal a plateau in preparation. The most effective strategy is to treat each attempt as the final one, utilizing the score reporting history only when a genuine and significant increase in the scaled score has been achieved through targeted study and mastery of the exam's adaptive logic.