Number of Questions and Exam Duration
The FRM Part 1 structure is defined by a 100-question, multiple-choice format delivered within a strict four-hour window. This creates an FRM exam length of 240 minutes, translating to an average of 2.4 minutes per question. Unlike some professional certifications, there are no scheduled breaks during this period; the clock runs continuously from the moment the candidate begins the first question. The scoring system is based on the number of correct answers provided, with no penalty for incorrect guesses, making it essential to provide an answer for every item. The Exam is administered via Computer-Based Testing (CBT), which requires candidates to navigate a digital interface to select answers and flag questions for review. This structure demands high-level cognitive endurance, as the difficulty of the questions often requires multiple steps of calculation or the synthesis of several risk management principles.
Primary Topic Areas Covered
Within the FRM exam sections for Part 1, the curriculum is divided into four distinct domains, each weighted specifically to reflect its importance in the foundational knowledge of a risk manager. Foundations of Risk Management (20%) introduces basic risk types and the relationship between risk and return. Quantitative Analysis (20%) focuses on probability, statistics, and time-series modeling, often requiring the use of the Bayesian framework or Monte Carlo simulations. Financial Markets and Products (30%) is the most heavily weighted section, covering the mechanics of derivatives, bonds, and corporate actions. Finally, Valuation and Risk Models (30%) tests the ability to calculate Value at Risk (VaR) and price options using the Black-Scholes-Merton model. Candidates must demonstrate proficiency across all four domains, as GARP evaluates performance relative to the global candidate pool in each specific area to determine the final pass/fail result.
Question Style and Presentation
The FRM question format in Part 1 is predominantly quantitative but includes a significant number of conceptual questions that test the underlying logic of the formulas. Questions are typically "stand-alone," meaning they do not follow a vignette or case-study format. However, they are often designed to be "distractor-heavy," where common calculation errors lead directly to one of the incorrect multiple-choice options. For instance, a question regarding the delta-neutral hedging of an option position might include distractors that result from failing to adjust for the contract multiplier or misapplying the sign of the Greeks. The presentation is clear, but the language is precise; a single word like "American" versus "European" in an option pricing question can entirely change the required valuation approach. Candidates must be adept at parsing these details under time pressure.
Question Count and Advanced Focus
The FRM Part 2 structure differs from Part 1 by reducing the total number of questions to 80, while maintaining the same four-hour duration. This reduction in volume does not imply a decrease in difficulty; rather, it reflects the increased complexity and depth of the individual items. Each question in Part 2 often requires a more extensive qualitative assessment or a multi-stage calculation that incorporates real-world constraints. The focus shifts from the tools of risk management to the integrated application of those tools within a financial institution. This part of the exam tests the candidate’s ability to act as a senior risk officer, evaluating how different risk types—such as credit, market, and operational—interact under stressed market conditions. The Expected Shortfall (ES) often replaces VaR as a primary focus, reflecting the industry's shift toward tail-risk sensitivity.
Core Risk Management Domains Tested
The Part 2 curriculum is broader, covering six specialized domains. Market Risk Measurement and Management (20%) and Credit Risk Measurement and Management (20%) form the core, focusing on advanced topics like Credit Value Adjustment (CVA) and Expected Loss (EL). Operational Risk and Resiliency (20%) has grown in importance, covering data security and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) regulatory frameworks. Liquidity and Treasury Risk Measurement and Management (15%) addresses funding liquidity and the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR). The final two sections, Risk Management and Investment Management (15%) and Current Issues in Financial Markets (10%), require candidates to apply their knowledge to portfolio construction and contemporary events, such as the transition away from LIBOR or the impact of climate-related financial risks.
Comparative Complexity to Part 1
While Part 1 is often described as "academic" and "mathematical," Part 2 is "applied" and "judgment-based." The complexity arises from the ambiguity of the scenarios presented. In Part 2, a question might present a bank’s balance sheet and ask for the most appropriate risk mitigation strategy given a specific regulatory constraint. This requires not just a formula, but an understanding of the trade-offs between different hedging instruments. The scoring remains based on raw correct answers, but the quartile ranking system used in the results report often shows higher volatility in Part 2 due to the specialized nature of the topics. Candidates who excel at mathematics but struggle with the nuances of regulatory policy may find Part 2 significantly more challenging than the first level.
Computer-Based Testing Logistics
Prometric Testing Center Procedures
Both parts of the FRM exam are administered at Prometric testing centers, which enforce strict security and administrative protocols. Upon arrival, candidates undergo a thorough security screening, including metal detector scans and the inspection of personal items. No personal belongings, including watches, wallets, or jewelry, are permitted in the testing room. Candidates are provided with a locker for storage. Once inside the testing room, the environment is monitored via CCTV and in-person proctors to ensure the integrity of the examination. The exam software includes a built-in tutorial that does not count against the four-hour time limit, allowing candidates to familiarize themselves with the navigation buttons, the flagging system, and the digital scratchpad before the assessment officially begins.
The digital interface provides a few essential tools, but the primary instrument for any FRM candidate remains the physical financial calculator. Only specific models are authorized, most notably the Texas Instruments BA II Plus and the Hewlett Packard 12C. Proctors inspect these devices to ensure they are cleared of any stored programs or notes. On the screen, candidates will find a countdown timer that displays the remaining time in minutes, which is vital for pacing. While some CBT platforms provide an on-screen calculator, GARP requirements emphasize the manual use of the approved physical devices for efficiency. Candidates are also provided with "scratch paper"—usually in the form of a laminated booklet and a fine-tip permanent marker—to perform manual calculations or jot down formulas like the Sharpe Ratio or Duration adjustments.
Check-in Process and Identification
To be admitted to the exam, candidates must present a valid, unexpired government-issued passport or a driver's license (if in the country of issuance) that matches the name on their registration exactly. The check-in process usually begins 30 to 60 minutes before the scheduled start time. Failure to arrive within the designated window can result in being turned away without a refund. During check-in, the proctor will verify the Confirmation Number from the Prometric appointment and capture a digital photograph and signature. This rigorous identity verification is a standard part of the Financial Risk Manager certification process, ensuring that the credential maintains its global reputation for security and professional standards.
Exam Day Timing and Pacing
Recommended Time per Question
In Part 1, the 2.4-minute-per-question limit requires a disciplined approach. If a candidate spends five minutes on a single Binomial Option Pricing problem, they must find a way to recover that time on conceptual questions. In Part 2, the 3-minute-per-question limit seems more generous, but the reading load is significantly higher. Many Part 2 items involve long descriptions of institutional settings or complex financial products that can take over a minute just to read and comprehend. A successful strategy involves categorizing questions into "quick wins" (definitions or simple ratios) and "time sinks" (complex valuations). By completing the quick wins in under 60 seconds, candidates bank the necessary time to tackle the more labor-intensive calculation sets.
Strategies for Managing the 4-Hour Limit
Effective time management starts with the "first pass" strategy. Candidates should answer every question they are confident in during the first two hours. If a question appears overly complex or requires more than three steps of calculation, it should be flagged and bypassed immediately. This ensures that the candidate sees all questions and doesn't leave "easy" points on the table at the end of the exam. The CBT interface allows for easy navigation back to flagged items. It is also recommended to do a "sanity check" on the clock every 20 questions. For Part 1, you should be at question 25 by the 60-minute mark; for Part 2, you should reach question 20 by the same point.
What to Do if You Fall Behind
Falling behind the pace is a common experience, especially when encountering a string of difficult quantitative problems. If a candidate finds they have only 30 minutes left and 25 questions remaining, the priority must shift to "educated guessing." Since there is no negative marking, leaving a bubble empty is a tactical error. In this scenario, candidates should quickly scan the remaining questions for short, conceptual items that can be answered in seconds. For the remaining calculation-heavy questions, eliminating obviously incorrect outliers—such as a negative price for a call option—before guessing increases the statistical probability of a correct answer. Maintaining composure is key; the FRM is a scaled exam, and a difficult set of questions for one candidate is likely difficult for the entire cohort.
Key Differences in Scope and Depth
The fundamental difference between the two parts lies in the transition from "what" to "how." Part 1 focuses on the "what"—what is the price of this bond, what is the standard deviation of this portfolio, and what is the definition of Operational Risk? Part 2 focuses on the "how"—how do we manage the risk of this portfolio given a specific Stress Testing scenario, or how does a change in the Counterparty Credit Risk profile affect our capital requirements? This shift in scope means that while Part 1 is very formula-heavy, Part 2 requires a deep understanding of the qualitative standards set by the Basel Committee and other international regulatory bodies. The depth of Part 2 requires candidates to synthesize information across different domains, such as understanding how a market liquidity crunch can trigger a credit default event.
Similarities in Structure and Timing
Despite the differences in content and question count, the two exams share an identical administrative DNA. Both are four hours long, both utilize the same Prometric CBT environment, and both allow the same financial calculators. The scoring logic—where your performance is compared to the top 5% of candidates to determine the "pass" threshold—is consistent across both levels. Furthermore, both exams are offered in the same testing windows, usually in May, August, and November. This consistency allows candidates who have passed Part 1 to enter the Part 2 testing center with a clear understanding of the logistical expectations, reducing "test-day anxiety" and allowing them to focus entirely on the advanced subject matter.
How Preparation Differs for Each Part
Preparation for Part 1 should be centered on "drill and kill" practice. Success comes from performing hundreds of iterations of calculations until the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) or Value at Risk formulas become second nature. For Part 2, the preparation must evolve into "case-study analysis." Candidates should spend more time reading the official GARP curriculum books and understanding the "why" behind the regulations. While practice questions are still vital, the ability to explain the rationale behind a risk management decision is often more important than the calculation itself. Many successful candidates find that they need to shift from a calculator-focused study plan in Part 1 to a reading-intensive plan in Part 2, often incorporating current financial news to understand the real-world context of the Current Issues domain.