Part 107 Airspace Classification Study: The Core Classes
Class A (Not Applicable to Part 107)
In the context of a Part 107 airspace classification study, Class A airspace represents the upper limit of the NAS. It extends from 18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL) up to and including Flight Level (FL) 600, covering the entire contiguous United States and Alaska. For the Part 107 exam, it is vital to remember that all operations in Class A must be conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and require a Mode C transponder. Since sUAS operations under Part 107 are restricted to a maximum altitude of 400 feet Above Ground Level (AGL)—unless hovering within 400 feet of a structure—remote pilots will never legally operate within Class A. However, understanding its existence is necessary for identifying the vertical limits of the underlying airspace classes. On a sectional chart, Class A is not specifically depicted because it is universal above the 18,000-foot threshold. On the exam, questions regarding Class A usually test your knowledge of altitude limits and the fact that sUAS are excluded from this high-altitude environment.
Class B, C, D (Controlled Airport Airspace)
These three classes represent controlled airspace surrounding airports with operational control towers. Class B airspace drone rules are the most stringent, as this airspace surrounds the nation's busiest airports, such as Chicago O'Hare or Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson. It is shaped like an upside-down wedding cake, with lateral boundaries and altitude floors tailored to contain large turbine-powered aircraft. Class C airspace is designed for moderately busy airports and typically consists of a 5-nautical mile (NM) radius core surface area and a 10-NM radius shelf. Class D airspace is generally a cylinders extending from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL around smaller airports with control towers. For the Part 107 exam, you must recognize that any operation within the lateral boundaries of these classes reaching the surface requires prior authorization. The primary distinction for the pilot is the level of traffic density and the complexity of the equipment required for manned aircraft, such as Two-Way Radio Communication and ADS-B Out, which informs the RPIC of the high-risk nature of these environments.
Class E (Controlled Transition Airspace)
Class E airspace is controlled airspace that is not A, B, C, or D. It serves many purposes, primarily providing transition paths for IFR aircraft. For Part 107 pilots, the most important distinction is whether Class E starts at the surface or at an altitude (usually 700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL). If a dashed magenta line surrounds an airport, it indicates Class E starts at the surface, and you must obtain authorization before flying. If the area is shaded with a magenta vignette, the floor of Class E starts at 700 feet AGL; if it is shaded blue, it starts at 1,200 feet AGL. In areas with no shading, Class E typically begins at 14,500 feet MSL. Understanding the controlled vs uncontrolled airspace boundary here is vital: you only need authorization for Class E if it is designated as a surface area for an airport. Most Class E encountered by drone pilots is above them, meaning they are actually flying in the Class G underneath it.
Class G (Uncontrolled Airspace)
Class G airspace is the only category of uncontrolled airspace in the United States. It typically extends from the surface to the base of the overlying Class E airspace. In most rural areas, this means Class G exists from the surface up to 699 feet AGL. Because it is uncontrolled, Air Traffic Control (ATC) has neither the authority nor the responsibility to exercise control over air traffic. Under Part 107, pilots are generally permitted to fly in Class G without any prior ATC authorization, provided they follow all other Part 107 regulations, such as maintaining Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) and yielding right-of-way to manned aircraft. On the Part 107 exam, identifying Class G on a sectional chart involves looking for areas that lack the blue or magenta shading associated with Class E transition areas. It is the "default" airspace for sUAS operations, making it the least restrictive but still requiring the pilot to remain vigilant for low-flying crop dusters or helicopters that also utilize this space.
Interpreting Sectional Chart Symbols for sUAS
Airspace Boundaries and Shading
Learning how to read sectional charts begins with identifying the color and style of lines used to demarcate airspace boundaries. Solid blue lines represent Class B, while solid magenta lines represent Class C. Dashed lines of either color indicate that the controlled airspace extends all the way to the surface. For example, a dashed blue circle indicates Class D surface area. A critical skill for the exam is interpreting the fractions found within these boundaries, which indicate the ceiling and floor in hundreds of feet MSL. A box containing "110/SFC" in a Class B area means the airspace extends from the surface to 11,000 feet MSL. If you see "110/20," the airspace exists between 2,000 and 11,000 feet MSL. Pilots must also watch for the faded magenta bars that indicate a Transition Area, where the floor of controlled airspace drops from 1,200 feet AGL to 700 feet AGL to protect arriving and departing IFR traffic.
Airport Symbols and Data
Sectional charts provide a wealth of information about airports through specific symbols and text blocks. Towered airports are always depicted in blue, while non-towered airports (those without an active control tower) are shown in magenta. For a Part 107 pilot, a blue airport symbol is an immediate signal that the surrounding airspace is likely Class B, C, or D, requiring authorization. The airport data block provides the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF), denoted by a "C" inside a circle, which is the frequency pilots use to broadcast their intentions at non-towered airports. Even though drone pilots are not required to have a radio, monitoring the CTAF is a highly recommended safety practice. The data block also lists the airport's elevation above sea level and the length of the longest runway. For example, "1245 L 50" indicates an elevation of 1,245 feet MSL, lighted runways, and a 5,000-foot runway length.
Obstacles, Terrain, and Special Use Airspace
Identifying hazards is a core component of preflight planning. Obstacles like radio towers are marked with specific icons: a small "tepee" for structures under 1,000 feet AGL and a larger, more complex icon for those 1,000 feet AGL or higher. The numbers next to these icons show the top of the obstacle in both MSL (bold) and AGL (in parentheses). Additionally, pilots must check for drone no-fly zones indicated by blue hatched lines (Restricted or Prohibited areas) or magenta hatched lines (Warning areas). You should also look for the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF), which is the large bold number in each quadrangle of the chart. The MEF represents the highest known feature—terrain or man-made—in that area, rounded up to the nearest hundred feet plus an additional safety buffer. If an MEF is "2^4," it means the highest point is 2,400 feet MSL. This helps RPICs maintain situational awareness regarding the surrounding topography and potential collision risks.
Authorization Processes: LAANC vs. Manual Waiver
How to Use LAANC for Instant Approval
The LAANC authorization process (Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability) has revolutionized how drone pilots access controlled airspace. LAANC is a collaboration between the FAA and private industry that provides near real-time processing of airspace authorizations for Part 107 pilots. When a pilot submits a request through an approved application, the system checks the request against the UAS Facility Maps (UASFM). If the requested altitude is at or below the pre-approved ceiling for that specific grid coordinate, the authorization is granted almost instantly via a digital notification. This system covers most Class B, C, D, and surface Class E airports. It is important to note that a LAANC authorization is not a "waiver"; it is an authorization to operate in controlled airspace under existing rules. Pilots must still comply with all other Part 107 requirements and must keep the digital or printed authorization on hand during the flight.
When You Need a Manual Waiver Application
While LAANC handles most routine requests, certain operations require a more formal airspace waiver Part 107 application. This is necessary when a pilot needs to fly in controlled airspace that is not yet covered by LAANC, or when the mission requires flying above the altitudes listed on the UAS Facility Maps. Furthermore, if a pilot wishes to deviate from specific Part 107 regulations—such as flying at night (though now permitted with proper lighting and training), flying over people, or flying beyond visual line of sight—they must apply for a Certificate of Waiver (CoW) through the FAA DroneZone portal. Unlike LAANC, manual waivers can take up to 90 days to process. The FAA requires a detailed "safety justification" for these applications, where the pilot must prove that the operation can be conducted safely despite the deviation from standard rules. For the exam, remember that a waiver is for the rule, while an authorization is for the space.
Planning for Airspace in Your Preflight
Effective preflight planning involves a multi-step analysis of the intended operational area. The RPIC must first identify the airspace class by consulting the most recent sectional chart or a digital equivalent. Next, the pilot must check for any Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) or Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) that might temporarily close the airspace. A TFR might be issued for a sporting event, a presidential visit, or emergency response activities like firefighting. Failing to check for TFRs is a common cause of enforcement actions. During this phase, the pilot should also determine the "floor" of controlled airspace to see if the mission can be conducted entirely within Class G. If the mission requires entering controlled airspace, the pilot must then decide if LAANC is available or if a manual authorization is required. This systematic approach ensures that the flight is not only legal but also integrated safely into the local air traffic environment.
Special Use Airspace and Flight Restrictions
Prohibited, Restricted, and Warning Areas (P, R, W)
Special Use Airspace (SUA) consists of defined volumes where activities must be confined because of their nature or where limitations are imposed upon aircraft operations. Prohibited Areas (e.g., P-56 near the White House) are off-limits to all aircraft for national security reasons; you can never fly a drone here. Restricted Areas (marked with an "R" followed by a number) often contain invisible hazards like artillery firing or guided missiles. While not entirely prohibited, you must have permission from the "Using Agency" or "Controlling Agency" listed on the chart margins to enter. Warning Areas (marked with a "W") are similar to Restricted Areas but are located over international waters, starting 3 NM from the coast. While the FAA does not have legal jurisdiction to prohibit flight in Warning Areas, they are depicted to warn pilots of potentially hazardous activity. On the Part 107 exam, identifying these areas by their blue hashed borders is a standard requirement for determining flight eligibility.
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Military Operations Areas (MOAs) consist of airspace with defined vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. MOAs are depicted on sectional charts with magenta hashed borders. Unlike Restricted Areas, there is no regulatory prohibition against a Part 107 pilot operating in an MOA. However, it is highly recommended that pilots exercise extreme caution. Military pilots practicing low-level maneuvers or high-speed intercepts may not be looking for a small drone. Before flying in an MOA, an RPIC should contact the Flight Service Station (FSS) or the controlling agency to check the status of the area. If the MOA is "active" or "hot," it is often safer to delay the mission or fly in a different location. The exam frequently tests whether you understand that MOAs do not require specific FAA authorization, unlike controlled airspace.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs)
Temporary Flight Restrictions are short-term "no-fly zones" issued via the NOTAM system. TFRs are not printed on sectional charts because they are, by definition, temporary. They are used for a variety of reasons: protecting the President or Vice President, providing a safe environment for disaster relief, or preventing congestion over major sporting events (like the Super Bowl or MLB games). Under FDC NOTAM 4/3621, drone operations are prohibited within a 3 NM radius of any stadium having a seating capacity of 30,000 or more during major professional or collegiate sporting events. For the Part 107 exam, you must understand that it is the pilot's responsibility to check for TFRs before every single flight. Using tools like the FAA's B4UFLY app or other UAS Service Supplier (USS) platforms is the standard method for ensuring that no new restrictions have been implemented since the initial mission planning phase.
Altitude and Grid Systems in Controlled Airspace
Understanding the LAANC UAS Facility Maps
The FAA utilizes UAS Facility Maps (UASFM) to manage the safety of drone operations in controlled airspace near airports. These maps divide the airspace into a grid of squares, each assigned a Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA). These altitudes are calculated based on the glide slopes of runways and the departure paths of manned aircraft. For instance, a grid square directly off the end of a major runway might have an MAA of 0 feet, meaning no drone flights are allowed without a manual waiver. A square a few miles away might have an MAA of 200 or 400 feet. When using a LAANC-enabled app, these grids are visible to the pilot. If you request a flight at 150 feet in a 200-foot grid, the system provides an auto-approval. Understanding these maps is essential for identifying where you can fly "further and higher" without the need for extensive FAA review.
Maximum Authorized Altitudes (MAAs)
The Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA) is the highest altitude at which a drone can be authorized through the automated LAANC system. It is important to distinguish this from the general Part 107 altitude limit of 400 feet AGL. If a UASFM grid shows an MAA of 100 feet, that is your legal ceiling for that specific location, regardless of the fact that Part 107 generally allows 400 feet. Flying above the MAA requires a "Further Coordination" request through LAANC or a manual waiver. This process allows Air Traffic Control to review the specific details of your flight and determine if they can provide a one-time exception. On the exam, questions may present a scenario where a pilot wants to fly at 300 feet in an area where the facility map specifies a lower MAA. In such cases, the correct answer usually involves seeking further coordination or acknowledging the MAA as the current legal limit.
Operating Near Airports Without LAANC
Not all airports in controlled airspace are integrated into the LAANC system. For these "non-LAANC" airports, pilots must follow a different path to obtain authorization. This typically involves submitting an airspace authorization request through the FAA DroneZone website. Unlike the instant feedback of LAANC, these requests are reviewed by the local ATC facility's management and the FAA's Air Traffic Organization (ATO). Pilots should never attempt to contact the airport control tower directly via telephone or radio to request drone flight authorization unless specifically instructed to do so by an official FAA document. Direct interference with tower operations is a violation of protocol. For the Part 107 candidate, knowing which airports are LAANC-enabled versus those requiring a manual DroneZone application is a vital part of mission logistics and timeline management, as the latter can take weeks to secure.