The 70% Passing Score Requirement
The FAA written exam grading system is built around a rigid threshold: the FAA test minimum passing score is 70%. This percentage is applied uniformly across the vast majority of Airman Knowledge Tests. Whether you are taking the Private Pilot Airplane (PAR) exam, the Instrument Rating Airplane (IRA), or the Commercial Pilot Airplane (CAX), the requirement remains the same. This 70% represents the minimum level of competency deemed safe for an airman to continue toward a practical test. It is important to note that while 70% is the technical pass mark, a higher score is significantly more advantageous. Because the FAA examiner (DPE) must review your missed knowledge areas during the oral portion of the checkride, a lower score typically results in a longer, more grueling oral exam. The scoring is binary in its final result—pass or fail—but the numerical value carries weight throughout your certification process.
Calculating Your Percentage Score
To determine your final grade, the testing system uses a simple arithmetic mean based on the total number of questions in the specific test bank assigned to your session. For example, the Private Pilot knowledge test consists of 60 questions. To achieve the What score do I need to pass FAA Airman Knowledge? target of 70%, you must answer 42 questions correctly. Each question is weighted equally; there are no "high-value" or "low-value" questions within a single exam. Furthermore, the FAA does not utilize negative marking. This means there is no penalty for an incorrect guess. If you are unsure of an answer, it is always statistically better to provide a guess than to leave the question blank. Your raw score (the number of correct answers) is divided by the total number of questions and multiplied by 100 to arrive at the final percentage displayed on your screen immediately after submission.
All-or-Nothing Scoring for Multiple-Select Questions
While most FAA questions are traditional multiple-choice with three options, some advanced exams or updated test banks may include complex question formats. In these instances, the FAA applies a strict all-or-nothing grading policy. If a question requires you to identify multiple correct statements or solve a multi-step navigation problem using the Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement, you must arrive at the exact correct conclusion to receive credit. There is no partial credit for being "half right" on a complex calculation involving wind correction angles or weight and balance shifts. This rigour ensures that pilots can synthesize multiple variables accurately, a skill required for safe flight operations. Accuracy in these multi-variable problems is essential, as a single error in a calculation chain will result in the entire question being marked incorrect, potentially dropping your score by several percentage points.
Understanding Your Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR)
Key Components of the Test Report
Upon completion of the exam, the testing center provides the Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR). This document is the only official evidence of your test results and is embossed with a raised seal or a digital validator. The AKTR contains several critical data points: your legal name, FAA Tracking Number (FTN), the specific test taken, the date, and your numerical score. Most importantly, it features a unique Test Report ID, which the Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE) will enter into the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) system during your checkride. Losing this document can be a significant setback, as it is a required element of your permanent certification file. If the report indicates a passing grade, it serves as your ticket to the practical exam; if it indicates a failure, it serves as the roadmap for your remedial training.
Deciphering Knowledge Area Codes for Missed Questions
The FAA does not provide a list of the specific questions you answered incorrectly. Instead, the AKTR lists Learning Statement Codes (LSCs) or Knowledge Area Codes for every missed question. For example, a code like PLT088 might correspond to "Interpret a METAR report." These codes refer back to the FAA-G-8082 series of guidance documents. By analyzing these codes, you and your instructor can identify specific weaknesses in your theoretical knowledge. This system is designed to prevent rote memorization of test questions and instead force a return to the underlying source material, such as the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK). During your oral exam, the DPE is required by the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) to evaluate you on every subject area identified by these codes on your report.
The Instructor's Endorsement Section
A critical, often overlooked portion of the AKTR is the area dedicated to instructor endorsements. If you pass the exam, your flight instructor must review the missed subject areas with you and sign a statement (often in your logbook, but sometimes on the report itself depending on local procedures) certifying that you have received the necessary remedial training. If you fail the exam, the AKTR becomes the basis for a mandatory endorsement to retest. Under 14 CFR Part 61.49, an applicant who fails a knowledge test may only apply for retesting after receiving the necessary training from an authorized instructor who has determined the applicant is now proficient to pass the test. This endorsement must be presented along with the original failing AKTR to the testing center for a second attempt.
The Implications of a Failing Score
Mandatory Retraining Requirements
Failing to meet the 70% threshold triggers a regulatory requirement for retraining. The FAA views a failing score not just as a lack of preparation, but as a safety risk that must be mitigated through professional instruction. This retraining is not a self-study period; it must be conducted by an Authorized Instructor (CFI or Ground Instructor). The instructor is tasked with reviewing the specific Learning Statement Codes provided on the failing AKTR to ensure the candidate understands the mechanics behind the missed questions. For instance, if the codes indicate a failure in "Airspace Classifications," the instructor must provide a comprehensive lesson on the dimensions and entry requirements of Class B, C, and D airspace before the candidate is legally allowed to sit for the exam again.
Retest Endorsement and Waiting Period
Unlike many standardized tests where a candidate can simply register for the next available slot, the FAA requires a formal endorsement for a retest. Per Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, the instructor must sign a specific statement certifying that they have provided the required "ground training" and now find the applicant competent to pass the exam. While there is no federally mandated "waiting period" in terms of a specific number of days, the time required to complete meaningful retraining often takes several days or weeks. The candidate must return to the testing center with the failed AKTR and the new endorsement. The second attempt will generate a completely new set of questions, though the difficulty level and the 70% passing requirement remain identical to the first attempt.
Using Your AKTR to Focus Retraining
The AKTR is the most efficient tool for turning a failure into a success. Because the FAA test bank is vast—often containing over 900 potential questions for a 60-question exam—it is impossible to "brute force" the test through memorization alone. By mapping the codes on the AKTR to the Airman Certification Standards, a candidate can see exactly which "Knowledge" elements were lacking. If the report shows multiple codes related to "Performance and Capability," the retraining should focus on the use of POH charts, density altitude calculations, and weight/balance formulas. This targeted approach ensures that the candidate does not waste time reviewing material they already mastered, instead focusing on the specific logical gaps that led to the failing grade.
Validity Period and Practical Test Application
The 24-Month Validity Clock
A passing score on an FAA knowledge test is not permanent. Most test results have a validity period of 24 calendar months. This means if you pass your written exam on July 10, 2023, the score remains valid until July 31, 2025. You must complete your practical test (the checkride) within this window. If the 24-month period elapses, the score expires, and you must retake the written exam, paying the testing fee again and risking a lower score. There are certain exceptions for individuals working in specific flight training programs or for the Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) multi-engine exam, which can have a 60-month validity under specific Part 141 or Part 121 training structures, but for the vast majority of pilots, the 24-month rule is the standard.
Presenting Your AKTR for the Checkride
On the day of your practical test, the AKTR is one of the three "required documents" you must present to the examiner, alongside your logbook and your government-issued photo ID. The examiner will verify that the Test Report ID on your AKTR matches the one entered in your IACRA application. The DPE uses the report to customize the oral portion of the exam. If you scored a 95%, the examiner may only ask a few clarifying questions regarding the two or three codes you missed. However, if you scored a 72%, the examiner is legally obligated to conduct a deep dive into every single code listed on your report. This is why "barely passing" is often discouraged; it creates a much higher burden of proof during the final stage of certification.
What Happens If Your Score Expires?
If your score expires before you pass your checkride, you are effectively back at square one regarding the theoretical requirement. You cannot "renew" an expired score; you must re-register with a Knowledge Testing Center, pay the current fee, and pass a new version of the exam. This often happens to students who take the written exam very early in their training and then experience delays due to weather, maintenance, or financial constraints. To avoid this, many instructors recommend taking the written test after you have completed about 50% of your flight training. This ensures the material is fresh in your mind for the checkride and provides a comfortable buffer within the 24-month validity window.
Score Verification and Dispute Process
Can You Challenge Your FAA Test Score?
While the computerized grading system is highly accurate, candidates occasionally believe a question was flawed or a technical error occurred. You can challenge a score, but the process is rigorous. The FAA does not allow you to dispute a score simply because you "feel" you answered correctly. You must provide a specific rationale, often citing an official FAA publication like the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) or a specific Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR), to prove that the question or its provided answers were ambiguous or incorrect. This process is handled through the FAA Airman Testing Standards Branch. Most disputes are resolved by the FAA reviewing the question in the master bank; if they agree the question is flawed, they may strike it from the bank and adjust scores retroactively for affected candidates.
Procedures for Reporting Suspected Anomalies
If you experience a technical glitch during the exam—such as the computer freezing, images in the Testing Supplement not loading, or a power outage—you must report it immediately to the proctor at the testing center. The proctor will file an Irregularity Report. Do not wait until after you receive your score to report a technical issue, as the FAA is unlikely to grant a retest or score adjustment once the results are finalized. If the irregularity is verified, the FAA may allow a retest at no cost. However, this retest will involve a new set of questions; you cannot simply pick up where you left off if the integrity of the testing environment was compromised.
The Role of the Testing Center and FAA
The testing center (such as those operated by PSI) acts as a third-party administrator for the FAA. They do not have the authority to change your score, explain why a question was wrong, or waive the 70% passing requirement. Their role is strictly to provide a secure environment and verify your identity. All scoring logic and data storage reside with the FAA’s Regulatory Support Division. If you have concerns about the fairness of a test or the accuracy of the grading, your communication must go through official FAA channels. The relationship between the candidate, the testing center, and the FAA is designed to be objective and transparent, ensuring that every pilot certificate issued is backed by a verified and standardized level of aeronautical knowledge.