EA Exam Part 1 Topics: An Overview of the Individuals Syllabus
The Five Major Content Areas Defined by the IRS
The SEE Part 1 syllabus Individuals is organized into five distinct domains that mirror the lifecycle of a tax return. Domain 1, Preliminary Work and Taxpayer Data, focuses on the initial engagement, including determining filing status and identifying dependents under the Qualifying Child or Qualifying Relative rules. Domain 2, Income and Assets, is the most expansive, covering everything from wages to the sale of personal residences. Domain 3, Deductions and Credits, requires candidates to distinguish between adjustments to income and deductions from adjusted gross income (AGI). Domain 4, Taxation and Advice, moves into specialized calculations like the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). Finally, Domain 5, Specialized Returns and Populations, addresses unique filers such as decedents or non-residents. Understanding this structure is vital because the exam uses these domains to ensure a balanced assessment of a candidate’s competency across the entire individual tax spectrum.
Weighting and Question Distribution for Part 1
When analyzing what's on EA exam Part 1, candidates must recognize that not all topics are weighted equally. Historically, the sections on Income and Assets and Deductions and Credits comprise approximately 40-50% of the total 100 questions. This means a significant portion of the raw score is derived from a candidate's proficiency in calculating taxable gain on property or determining the phase-out thresholds for various tax benefits. The IRS provides a Test Specification document that outlines these percentages, which helps candidates allocate their study time. For instance, while specialized returns are tested, they represent a smaller fraction of the exam compared to the fundamental mechanics of the 1040. Candidates should focus on high-yield areas where multiple concepts overlap, such as how a change in AGI affects the medical expense deduction floor or the eligibility for the Child Tax Credit.
How Part 1 Topics Integrate Ethics and Procedures
Part 1 Enrolled Agent exam content is not limited to tax law; it heavily integrates the procedural and ethical standards found in Circular 230. Candidates are tested on their "due diligence" requirements, particularly regarding the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), where failure to comply can lead to significant preparer penalties. The exam assesses how a practitioner must handle a client’s request to take an unsubstantiated deduction or how to respond when a client refuses to provide necessary documentation. This integration means that a single question might test both a technical tax rule and a procedural requirement, such as the deadline for filing a refund claim (the Statute of Limitations). Understanding the relationship between the tax code and the practitioner's legal responsibilities is essential for passing this section, as the IRS seeks to ensure that Enrolled Agents maintain the highest standards of professional conduct.
Income, Deductions, and Filing Status
Determining Gross Income and Exclusions
The foundation of individual taxation topics EA exam preparation is the concept of gross income under Section 61 of the Code. Candidates must be able to identify what constitutes "accession to wealth," which includes wages, interest, dividends, and less obvious sources like gambling winnings or jury duty pay. Equally important are the exclusions—items that are specifically exempted from taxation, such as life insurance proceeds paid by reason of death, municipal bond interest, or qualified scholarships. A common exam scenario involves the Tax Benefit Rule, where a candidate must determine if a refund of a state tax deduction taken in a prior year must be included in current year income. This requires a deep dive into the "all events test" for income recognition and an understanding of the constructive receipt doctrine, which dictates that income is taxable when it is made available to the taxpayer without substantial restriction.
Adjustments to Income (Above-the-Line Deductions)
Adjustments to income, often called "above-the-line" deductions, are critical because they reduce a taxpayer's Gross Income to arrive at Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). This figure is the "magic number" that determines the phase-out of many other tax benefits. Candidates must master the rules for the Student Loan Interest Deduction, Educator Expenses, and contributions to a Health Savings Account (HSA). A frequent topic in this section is the deductibility of traditional IRA contributions, which depends on the taxpayer's AGI and whether they (or their spouse) are covered by an employer-sponsored retirement plan. The exam often presents scenarios where the candidate must calculate the allowable deduction based on specific income thresholds. Correctly identifying these adjustments is a prerequisite for accurate tax planning and ensures that the taxpayer does not overpay by missing opportunities to lower their AGI.
Standard vs. Itemized Deductions: Key Rules
The choice between the standard deduction and itemizing on Schedule A is a core component of the Part 1 exam. Candidates must know the current standard deduction amounts for all filing statuses, including the additional amounts for taxpayers who are 65 or older or blind. When itemizing, the exam focuses on specific categories: medical expenses (subject to the 7.5% AGI floor), state and local taxes (capped at $10,000), and home mortgage interest. A nuanced area often tested is the Casualty Loss deduction, which, under current law, is generally limited to losses occurring in a federally declared disaster area. Candidates must also understand the "bunching" strategy, where a taxpayer accelerates or delays expenses to exceed the standard deduction threshold in a specific year. Mastery of these rules allows the candidate to determine the most tax-efficient path for a hypothetical client.
Tax Credits and Calculations for Individuals
Refundable vs. Non-Refundable Credit Fundamentals
Understanding the distinction between refundable and non-refundable credits is essential for calculating a taxpayer's final balance due or refund. Non-refundable credits, such as the Child and Dependent Care Credit, can reduce the tax liability to zero but cannot result in a check being sent to the taxpayer. In contrast, refundable credits like the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) can exceed the tax liability, providing the taxpayer with a refund of the excess. The exam tests the specific ordering rules for applying these credits. Candidates must also be familiar with "partially refundable" credits like the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC), where up to 40% of the credit may be refundable. Knowing which form to use—such as Form 8863 for education credits—is just as important as the calculation itself, as the exam often asks about the administrative requirements for claiming these benefits.
Navigating the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The EITC is one of the most heavily scrutinized areas on the EA exam due to its complexity and the high rate of error in its application. Candidates must understand the eligibility requirements, including the "earned income" definition, investment income limits, and the necessity of having a valid Social Security Number for all family members. A key concept tested is the Due Diligence requirement under Treasury Regulation 1.6695-2, which requires preparers to complete Form 8867 and keep records of the inquiries made to verify EITC eligibility. The exam may present a case study where a taxpayer’s residency or relationship to a child is questionable, and the candidate must determine if the preparer has met their legal obligations. Failure to perform these duties can result in the taxpayer being banned from claiming the credit for up to ten years in cases of fraud, a consequence candidates are expected to know.
Calculating Self-Employment Tax and Net Investment Income Tax
For individuals with business income reported on Schedule C, the calculation of Self-Employment Tax (SE tax) is a frequent exam topic. Candidates must use Schedule SE to determine the tax on net earnings, applying the 15.3% rate while accounting for the 92.35% multiplier that equates the SE tax to the combined employer and employee portions of FICA. Another sophisticated calculation is the Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT), a 3.8% tax on the lesser of net investment income or the excess of modified AGI over specific thresholds ($250,000 for married filing jointly). This requires the candidate to distinguish between earned income and passive investment income, such as capital gains, dividends, and rental income. Understanding how these "add-on" taxes interact with the regular income tax is vital for providing a complete picture of a taxpayer’s total federal obligation.
Specialized Individual Returns and Situations
Reporting Investment Income and Capital Gains
Investment taxation involves the complex interplay of holding periods and asset classifications. Candidates must be proficient with Schedule D and Form 8949, distinguishing between short-term and long-term capital gains. The exam tests the "netting" process, where capital losses are first used to offset gains of the same character before being applied against other gains. If a net capital loss remains, candidates must know the $3,000 annual limit for offsetting ordinary income, with the remainder being carried forward indefinitely. A specific concept often tested is the Wash Sale Rule, which disallows a loss if substantially identical securities are purchased within 30 days before or after the sale. Additionally, the exclusion of gain on the sale of a primary residence under Section 121 ($250,000 for individuals/$500,000 for joint filers) is a staple of the EA exam, requiring knowledge of the two-out-of-five-year ownership and use tests.
Taxation of Retirement Distributions and Social Security
Retirement income is a high-priority topic that includes the taxation of IRAs, 401(k)s, and Social Security benefits. Candidates must understand the difference between a direct rollover and an indirect rollover (the 60-day rule) and the tax consequences of failing to meet the Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) deadlines. The exam frequently tests the 10% early withdrawal penalty and its various exceptions, such as for first-time homebuyers or qualified higher education expenses. Regarding Social Security, candidates must be able to calculate the portion of benefits that are taxable—0%, 50%, or 85%—based on the taxpayer's "provisional income." This calculation involves adding half of the Social Security benefits to the taxpayer's other income, including tax-exempt interest. Mastery of these rules is essential for advising older taxpayers who may be navigating multiple sources of deferred and current income.
Filing Requirements for Nonresident Aliens and Dual-Status Filers
While most of the exam focuses on U.S. citizens and residents, candidates must also understand the rules for Nonresident Aliens filing Form 1040-NR. This includes the application of the Substantial Presence Test to determine tax residency status. Candidates should be familiar with how treaties can modify tax liability and the difference between income "effectively connected" with a U.S. trade or business (ECI) versus "fixed, determinable, annual, or periodical" (FDAP) income. Dual-status filers—those who are both a resident and a nonresident in the same tax year—present a unique challenge that the exam may address through questions on which exemptions and credits are available during each period. Understanding these international aspects of individual taxation ensures that an Enrolled Agent can represent a diverse client base, including expatriates and foreign nationals working in the United States.
IRS Procedures and Taxpayer Rights
Examination, Appeal, and Collection Processes
IRS procedures for individuals EA exam questions often focus on what happens after a return is filed. Candidates must understand the different types of audits: correspondence, office, and field examinations. If a taxpayer disagrees with the auditor's findings, they have the right to an administrative appeal, which is initiated by filing a formal protest. The exam tests the timeline for these actions, such as the 30-day letter (preliminary notice of proposed deficiency) and the 90-day letter (statutory notice of deficiency). Candidates must also know the collection process, including the IRS's power to issue liens and levies, and the taxpayer’s right to a Collection Due Process (CDP) hearing. Knowledge of these stages is critical because an Enrolled Agent’s primary role is often representing the taxpayer before the IRS during these adversarial proceedings.
Correcting Errors: Amended Returns and IRS Notices
When an error is discovered on a previously filed return, the practitioner must know how to use Form 1040-X to amend it. The exam covers the time limits for filing an amended return for a refund—generally the later of three years from the date the original return was filed or two years from the date the tax was paid. Candidates must also be able to interpret various IRS notices, such as the CP2000, which is sent when the income reported on the return does not match information provided to the IRS by third parties (like banks or employers). Understanding how to respond to these notices, including the documentation required to resolve discrepancies, is a practical skill tested on the exam. This section emphasizes the importance of accuracy and the procedural steps necessary to maintain compliance even when mistakes occur.
To represent a client before the IRS, an Enrolled Agent must have a valid Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative. This form grants the EA the legal authority to perform acts on behalf of the taxpayer, such as signing a waiver of restriction on assessment. The exam tests the specific requirements for a valid POA, including the taxpayer's signature and the designation of the tax years and types of taxes covered. Candidates must distinguish this from Form 8821, Tax Information Authorization, which only allows the IRS to disclose confidential tax information to a third party but does not grant representation rights. Knowing the limitations and authorities of these forms is fundamental for any practitioner, as it defines the legal boundaries of their relationship with both the client and the federal government.
A deep familiarity with Form 1040 and its accompanying schedules is non-negotiable for the EA exam. Candidates must know where specific items are reported: Schedule 1 for additional income and adjustments, Schedule 2 for additional taxes (like AMT or SE tax), and Schedule 3 for additional credits and payments. Beyond the main form, the exam tests the purpose of specialized schedules, such as Schedule E for rental and royalty income, and Schedule F for farming activities. The logic of the form’s flow—from Total Income to AGI, then to Taxable Income, and finally to Total Tax—serves as the roadmap for most calculation-based questions. Candidates should be able to visualize the return to quickly identify where a piece of data belongs, ensuring speed and accuracy during the timed examination.
The IRS relies on an extensive system of information reporting to ensure compliance, and candidates must understand the various forms in the 1099 series. This includes 1099-INT for interest, 1099-DIV for dividends, 1099-MISC for miscellaneous income, and the newer 1099-NEC for non-employee compensation. Understanding the W-2 is equally important, particularly the distinction between federal taxable wages in Box 1 and Social Security wages in Box 3. The exam may ask how to handle a situation where a taxpayer receives an incorrect information return or fails to receive one at all. Candidates must know that the taxpayer is still responsible for reporting the income even if the official form is missing. This section tests the practitioner's ability to reconcile third-party data with the taxpayer's own records to produce a complete and accurate return.
Identifying and Responding to Key IRS Notices
Finally, the exam assesses a candidate's ability to manage communication from the IRS through various notices and letters. This includes understanding the impact of a Notice of Federal Tax Lien, which protects the government's interest in a taxpayer's property, versus a Notice of Intent to Levy, which is a more immediate threat to seize assets. Candidates must know the procedural safeguards available to taxpayers, such as requesting an Installment Agreement or an Offer in Compromise (OIC) when the full tax liability cannot be paid. The exam often includes questions on the "Fresh Start" initiative and the criteria for being declared "Currently Not Collectible." By mastering these procedural nuances, the candidate demonstrates the expertise required to navigate the IRS bureaucracy and protect the rights of individual taxpayers effectively.