AP Lit Literary Terms to Know for Figurative Language
At the heart of figurative language AP Lit students must master are the primary tools of comparison. A metaphor asserts a direct identity between two unlike things, such as "the curtain of night," to transfer the qualities of one onto the other. Unlike the simile, which uses "like" or "as" to create a more explicit, often more temporary comparison, the metaphor suggests a deeper, more intrinsic connection. In the context of the AP exam, identifying these is merely the starting point. You must analyze the tenor (the subject being described) and the vehicle (the image used to describe it) to explain how the comparison shifts the reader's perception. For instance, if a character’s heart is compared to a "clenched fist," the metaphor suggests aggression or a refusal to feel, rather than just sadness.
Personification extends this by attributing human qualities to non-human entities or abstract concepts. This device often serves to heighten the emotional stakes of a setting or to externalize a character's internal state. When an author writes that "the wind whistled a mournful tune," they are not just describing weather; they are establishing a pathetic fallacy, where the environment mirrors the human emotions present in the scene. On the multiple-choice section, you may be asked how these devices contribute to the characterization of a protagonist or the development of a specific mood. Recognizing the nuance between a standard metaphor and an extended metaphor—one that persists through multiple lines or paragraphs—is essential for tracking thematic development across a text.
Symbolism, Allegory, and Imagery
Symbolism occurs when a concrete object, person, or place represents an abstract idea beyond its literal meaning. While a metaphor is a comparison, a symbol is a standing-in. For example, a lighthouse might symbolize hope or isolation depending on the textual evidence. The AP exam frequently tests your ability to distinguish between a universal symbol (like a dove for peace) and a contextual symbol created specifically within a work. Understanding this distinction is vital for the Literary Argument essay, where you must argue how specific symbols contribute to the meaning of the work as a whole (MWW).
Allegory functions as an extended narrative where characters and events serve as symbols for political, religious, or moral situations. It is essentially a double-narrative: the literal surface story and the deeper, symbolic meaning. Imagery, meanwhile, relies on sensory language to evoke a physical experience for the reader. While often associated with sight (visual imagery), the most effective AP Lit students also identify auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile imagery. High-scoring essays explain how imagery anchors the reader in the text’s world, often serving as the vehicle for more complex figurative meanings. For example, the recurring imagery of decay in a novel might serve as a motif that reinforces a theme regarding the inevitable passage of time or the corruption of a social institution.
Essential Terms for Analyzing Poetry
Poetry analysis relies heavily on understanding the architecture of the verse. Meter is the rhythmic structure of a poem, determined by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The most common meter on the AP exam is iambic pentameter, consisting of five iambs (unstressed/stressed) per line. Deviations from an established meter, such as a spondee (two stressed syllables) or a trochee (stressed/unstressed), are often intentional choices by the poet to create emphasis or signal a shift in tone. When you encounter a poem in blank verse, you are looking at unrhymed iambic pentameter, whereas free verse lacks both a consistent meter and rhyme scheme.
Rhyme schemes and stanza structures also dictate the pacing and flow of poetic thought. A couplet often provides a sense of closure or a final "turn" in logic, especially at the end of a Shakespearean sonnet. You should be familiar with the Petrarchan sonnet as well, noting the shift or volta between the octave and the sestet. Identifying slant rhyme (or half rhyme) can be a powerful analytical tool; it often suggests dissonance, uncertainty, or a lack of resolution. In your analysis, explain why the poet chose a specific form. A rigid villanelle, with its obsessive repetitions, might be used to mirror a speaker’s inability to move past a traumatic event, showing a direct cause-effect relationship between form and function.
Sound Devices and Poetic Syntax
Beyond the structure of the stanza, the specific sounds of words contribute to a poem’s meaning. Alliteration (repetition of initial consonant sounds), consonance (repetition of inner or end consonant sounds), and assonance (repetition of vowel sounds) create musicality or harshness. Euphony refers to sounds that are pleasing to the ear, often used to describe beauty or serenity, while cacophony uses discordant, harsh sounds to evoke chaos or discomfort. On the AP exam, you should link these sound devices to the poem’s emotional landscape. For instance, the use of plosive sounds (b, p, t, d) can make a stanza feel aggressive or forceful.
Syntax in poetry—the arrangement of words—is equally revealing. Enjambment occurs when a line of poetry carries over into the next line without punctuation, often creating a sense of momentum or representing a state of flow. Conversely, a caesura is a deliberate pause within a line, usually marked by punctuation, which can disrupt the rhythm to force the reader to dwell on a specific word or idea. Anaphora, the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, is a common rhetorical device AP exam passages utilize to build intensity or create a liturgical, rhythmic quality. Mastering this AP Lit terminology list allows you to move beyond saying a poem "sounds good" to explaining exactly how the poet’s technical choices manipulate the reader’s experience.
Critical Terminology for Prose Fiction Analysis
Narrative Perspective and Voice
Understanding the point of view (POV) is the first step in prose analysis, as the narrator’s perspective filters all information the reader receives. A first-person narrator provides immediacy but is often an unreliable narrator, whose biases or limited knowledge color the story. In contrast, a third-person omniscient narrator has access to the thoughts and feelings of all characters, providing a "god’s-eye view" that allows for dramatic irony. Third-person limited narration focuses on the internal world of a single character, creating a bridge between the objectivity of the third person and the intimacy of the first.
More advanced techniques like stream of consciousness attempt to replicate the fragmented, non-linear thought patterns of the human mind. This is often achieved through free indirect discourse, a style where the third-person narrator slips into a character's voice without using "he thought" or "she said" tags. This blurs the line between the narrator’s observations and the character’s internal psyche. When analyzing prose, identify the narrative distance—how close the narrator is to the action and the characters. A distant, clinical voice might suggest a satirical or objective tone, whereas a close, emotionally charged voice invites reader empathy. This distinction is vital for answering multiple-choice questions regarding the narrator’s attitude toward their subject matter.
Character Types and Plot Structures
Characters are the engines of prose fiction, and the AP exam expects you to categorize them by their function and development. A protagonist is the central figure, while the antagonist provides the primary conflict. However, look for the foil—a character whose traits contrast with those of the protagonist to highlight specific characteristics of the latter. Characters may be static (unchanging) or dynamic (undergoing a significant internal transformation). A flat character is defined by a single trait, while a round character possesses a complex, multifaceted personality. Understanding the archetype a character fits into can also provide a shortcut to understanding their role in the thematic structure of the novel.
Plot structure involves more than just the sequence of events. Many sophisticated narratives begin in medias res (in the middle of things), forcing the reader to piece together the backstory through flashbacks or exposition. The epiphany is a moment of sudden realization for a character that often serves as the story’s turning point. You should also be familiar with the Bildungsroman, a coming-of-age novel that tracks the moral and psychological growth of a protagonist. In the free-response section, you might be asked to analyze how a specific plot development—like a deus ex machina or a sudden peripeteia (reversal of fortune)—contributes to the work's overall meaning. These terms provide the literary analysis vocabulary needed to describe the "how" and "why" of storytelling.
Rhetorical Devices and Tone Indicators
Irony, Satire, and Understatement
Irony is one of the most frequently tested concepts on the AP Lit exam because it requires a sophisticated understanding of the gap between appearance and reality. Verbal irony occurs when a speaker says the opposite of what they mean, while situational irony involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs. Dramatic irony is particularly potent in drama and fiction, occurring when the audience knows something that a character does not. This creates tension and often serves to critique the character's blindness or hubris. Identifying these forms of irony is essential for deciphering an author’s true intent, especially when the literal text seems to contradict the intended theme.
Satire uses irony, hyperbole (extreme exaggeration), and understatement (litotes) to critique human folly or societal institutions. The goal of satire is often reform, though it can also be purely nihilistic. When analyzing a satirical passage, look for the tonal shift—a change in the speaker's attitude that signals the transition from serious to mocking. Parody is a related device that imitates the style of a specific writer or genre for comic effect. On the exam, you must be able to identify the target of the satire and the specific devices used to undermine it. High-scoring students will explain how these rhetorical moves establish a specific perspective or social commentary, moving beyond simple identification to functional analysis.
Diction and Syntax for Tone Analysis
Tone is the author’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject, and it is primarily conveyed through diction (word choice) and syntax (sentence structure). When describing diction, avoid generic terms like "good" or "bad." Instead, use precise adjectives: is the diction pedantic, colloquial, esoteric, evocative, or laconic? The denotation (literal meaning) and connotation (implied emotional meaning) of words are the primary tools for building tone. For example, calling a house a "shack" conveys a different tone than calling it a "cabin" or a "sanctuary."
Syntax contributes to tone through the length and complexity of sentences. Telegraphic sentences (very short) can create a sense of urgency, shock, or simplicity. In contrast, periodic sentences—where the main clause is withheld until the end—build suspense or complexity. Parallelism, the repetition of similar grammatical structures, creates a sense of balance and authority. The AP exam often asks how a specific syntactical choice affects the reader's perception of a character's state of mind. A fragmented syntax might indicate a character’s mental breakdown, while a highly structured, balanced syntax might suggest a character who is cold and calculating. Mastering this AP English Literature literary devices vocabulary is the key to unlocking the "Tone and Attitude" questions on the multiple-choice section.
Applying Literary Terms in Multiple-Choice Questions
Identifying Devices in Passages
On the multiple-choice section of the AP Lit exam, roughly 45% of your score is determined by your ability to interpret passages. Many questions will directly ask you to identify which device is being used in a specific line. For example, a question might ask: "The phrase 'the sea was a hungry dog' (line 12) is an example of..." The answer choices will likely include various rhetorical devices AP exam takers should know, such as metaphor, synecdoche, or metonymy. To succeed, you must be able to distinguish between closely related terms. Metonymy (replacing a name with something closely associated, like "the crown" for the king) and synecdoche (using a part to represent the whole, like "all hands on deck") are common distractors for metaphor.
Accuracy in identification is the first hurdle. You should practice with "distractor" terms—words that look similar but have different meanings. For instance, do not confuse allusion (a reference to another work) with illusion (a false perception). The exam often includes difficult vocabulary in the question stems themselves, such as asking about the antecedent of a pronoun or the referent of a metaphor. By building a strong AP Lit terminology list, you reduce the cognitive load during the exam, allowing you to spend more time on the complex task of interpreting meaning rather than struggling to remember what a "litotes" is.
Analyzing Function and Effect
Identifying a device is rarely enough to earn full credit on the more difficult multiple-choice questions. The College Board focuses heavily on the function of literary elements. A typical question might ask: "The poet uses alliteration in the second stanza primarily to..." The correct answer will not just define alliteration but will explain its effect, such as "mimic the sound of the falling rain" or "emphasize the harshness of the speaker's rejection." This requires you to connect the technical device to the thematic content of the passage. You are being tested on your ability to see the "why" behind the author's "what."
To prepare for this, when you study literary analysis vocabulary, always ask yourself what a device does to the reader. Does an oxymoron like "jumbo shrimp" or "deafening silence" highlight a paradox in a character's feelings? Does a rhetorical question engage the reader's conscience or signal the speaker's frustration? In the multiple-choice section, the most "correct" answer is often the one that most accurately describes the relationship between the device and the passage's overall tone or theme. This level of analysis is what separates a score of 3 from a 4 or 5.
Incorporating Terminology into Free-Response Essays
Elevating Analysis with Precise Language
In the three free-response questions (FRQs)—the Poetry Analysis, Prose Fiction Analysis, and the Literary Argument—your use of AP Lit literary terms to know serves as evidence of your literary "voice." Using precise terminology allows you to write more concisely and persuasively. Instead of writing, "The author uses a lot of words that sound the same to make the poem feel fast," you would write, "The poet’s use of enjambment and alliterative 's' sounds creates a fluid, rapid tempo that mirrors the protagonist’s growing anxiety." The latter sentence is more professional and demonstrates a higher level of "literary scholarship," which is often a prerequisite for high scores on the 6-point rubric.
Precise language also helps you avoid the "summary trap." When you focus on literary devices, you are forced to analyze how the text is written rather than just what happens. For the Poetry and Prose essays, your thesis should ideally mention at least two or three specific literary elements you will analyze. For example: "Through the use of unreliable narration and recurring religious symbolism, the author explores the theme of moral ambiguity." This provides a clear roadmap for your essay and signals to the AP reader that you are prepared to perform a technical analysis of the text.
Avoiding Overuse or Misapplication
While using terms is essential, "term-dropping" without explanation is a common mistake that can lower your score. An essay that lists devices (e.g., "The author uses metaphors, similes, and personification") without explaining how they contribute to the theme is considered "facility with language" but lacks "analytical depth." Each term you use must be tied back to your thesis. If you identify a chiasmus or an apostrophe (addressing an absent person or personified object), you must explain why it matters in that specific context. If you cannot explain the effect of a device, it is better to leave it out than to include it as a "label."
Furthermore, ensure you are using the terms correctly. Mislabeling a sonnet as a ballad or calling a soliloquy (a speech given alone on stage) a monologue (a speech given to other characters) can undermine your authority as a critic. Focus on a "quality over quantity" approach. It is better to deeply analyze three or four key figurative language AP Lit devices than to superficially mention ten. The goal is to show that you understand the author's craft as a deliberate set of choices designed to evoke a specific response or convey a particular message.
Study Strategies for Mastering Literary Vocabulary
Creating Thematic Flashcards
To move beyond rote memorization, organize your AP Lit terminology list into thematic categories rather than simple alphabetical order. Create groups for "Sound Devices," "Narrative Techniques," "Structural Elements," and "Tonal Indicators." On one side of the flashcard, put the term; on the other, include the definition, a classic example from a well-known text (like a line from Shakespeare or Frost), and a brief note on its typical "effect." For example, for hyperbole, your note might read: "Effect: emphasizes intensity of emotion or creates a satirical/comic tone."
This method helps you see the relationships between terms. You will begin to notice how diction creates imagery, which in turn establishes mood. By studying terms in clusters, you prepare your brain for the way they appear in actual literature—rarely in isolation. You can also use digital flashcard platforms to share decks with peers, but the act of writing out the definitions and examples yourself is a scientifically proven way to improve long-term retention. Aim to master approximately 50 to 70 core terms to feel fully prepared for any passage the exam might present.
Practicing with Annotated Passages
The most effective way to internalize these terms is to apply them to new texts. Take a past AP Lit released passage and perform a "close reading" by annotating specifically for AP English Literature literary devices. Use different colored highlighters for different categories: yellow for figurative language, blue for syntax, green for sound devices. After highlighting, write a "marginal note" for each mark explaining the device’s function. For instance, next to a highlighted metaphor, write: "This metaphor characterizes the antagonist as predatory, foreshadowing the conflict in the second half of the passage."
This practice bridges the gap between knowing a definition and performing an analysis. It mimics the actual conditions of the exam, where you will have limited time to "decode" a poem or prose excerpt. The more you practice identifying figurative language AP Lit in context, the more instinctive it will become. Eventually, you will stop seeing just "words on a page" and start seeing the deliberate "moves" an author is making. This level of mastery is the hallmark of a top-tier AP Literature student and is the most reliable path to a score of 5.